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              <text>Populism, the rule of law, and democracy are concepts currently circulated public and academic debates throughout Europe, with the European Commission itself accruing more competences in this area. However, the diversity of definitions, legal and democratic cultures and judicial landscapes in the EU not only inhibit the study of the current rule of law breakdowns, but fail to address the crux of the issue at the European level. This study focuses on the implications of the election of populism into national legislatures for EU governance by raising the question “how do developments at concerning national populism in new member states affect the rule of EU law?”. Starting from a theoretical framework centred on rational and sociological understandings of political behaviour, and an overview of the rule of EU law and the EU's enforcement mechanisms, this study employs a linear regression model with panel-corrected standard errors and a Rare Events Logistic Regression to quantify the impact of national populism on one of the most important aspects of the EU legislative process: the transposition of EU directives into national statute books. The study finds that the presence of populists in national legislatures increases the number of infringement cases opened by the European Commission against the respective member state due to a failure to accurately transpose a Directive and uphold the rule of EU law, and it also increases the likelihood that the case will be referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union following continued noncompliance with the Commission’s recommendations and warnings. The evidence points to the issue of the stunted socialisation of the new Member States into EU values and the urgency with which EU institutions must revise – by Treaty reform or otherwise – the safeguards for the rule of EU law.</text>
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              <text>Populism, the rule of law, and democracy are concepts currently circulated public and academic debates throughout Europe, with the European Commission itself accruing more competences in this area. However, the diversity of definitions, legal and democratic cultures and judicial landscapes in the EU not only inhibit the study of the current rule of law breakdowns, but fail to address the crux of the issue at the European level. This study focuses on the implications of the election of populism into national legislatures for EU governance by raising the question “how do developments at concerning national populism in new member states affect the rule of EU law?”. Starting from a theoretical framework centred on rational and sociological understandings of political behaviour, and an overview of the rule of EU law and the EU's enforcement mechanisms, this study employs a linear regression model with panel-corrected standard errors and a Rare Events Logistic Regression to quantify the impact of national populism on one of the most important aspects of the EU legislative process: the transposition of EU directives into national statute books. The study finds that the presence of populists in national legislatures increases the number of infringement cases opened by the European Commission against the respective member state due to a failure to accurately transpose a Directive and uphold the rule of EU law, and it also increases the likelihood that the case will be referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union following continued noncompliance with the Commission’s recommendations and warnings. The evidence points to the issue of the stunted socialisation of the new Member States into EU values and the urgency with which EU institutions must revise – by Treaty reform or otherwise – the safeguards for the rule of EU law.</text>
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              <text>This study examines how the Perceived Quality of Society (PQS) influences life satisfaction in the United Kingdom, using data from the 2016 European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS). PQS was measured through three variables: trust in other people, trust in social system, and perceived tensions between groups. An ordered probit regression model was applied to analyse the relationships between PQS and life satisfaction, controlling demographic characteristics and material living standards. The results show that all three PQS dimensions are significant predictors of life satisfaction, with interpersonal trust emerging as the strongest factor. Trust in social system and reduced intergroup tensions also play important roles, although their effects diminish slightly when economic variables are included. The study finds only limited evidence of gender differences, with effects marginally significant at the 10% level, in the relationship between social trust and life satisfaction. These findings highlight that life satisfaction is not determined solely by income or material resources, but also by people’s perceptions of the social environment in which they live. The study contributes to the literature by providing evidence from the UK context, where research on life satisfaction has largely focused on economic and demographic factors, but has not specifically examined the role of PQS as a central determinant. By showing that social trust, institutional quality, and perceptions of social harmony significantly shape well-being, the study highlights the need to integrate these societal dimensions into both theoretical models and policy frameworks aimed at improving life satisfaction.</text>
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