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              <text>Rural India continues to grapple with high school dropout rates despite decades of expanding school access. National statistics show that dropout rates climb dramatically at higher grade levels. While the primary‑school dropout rate is roughly 1.5%, the secondary dropout rate exceeds 12% and rises to around 17% in the latest UDISE+ data (Education Department, 2021; Education Department, 2020). The problem is multidimensional: poverty, distance to school, gender‑specific challenges such as menstruation, and the quality of school facilities all influence whether a child completes school. The following research project investigated how targeted donations (computers, tables, cameras, cycles, sanitary pads and similar resources) and school‑level facilities influence student attendance, retention, learning enjoyment, etc. in two rural schools in Maharashtra. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining surveys of 174 students and teachers with qualitative conversations with headmasters to understand local conditions and perceptions. Key findings show that school facilities have a multi-dimensional impact on students’ educational experiences. Improvements to sanitation and menstrual hygiene facilities most strongly enhanced attendance and wellbeing among girls, while bicycles reduced the strain of long commutes. Upgraded classrooms, libraries, and computer access improved motivation, enjoyment, and engagement across all grades, and students also perceived better-equipped environments as strengthening teaching quality and community participation. Overall, the findings demonstrate that donor-supported facilities complement government schemes by addressing both material and social barriers to schooling. Sustained investment in sanitation, transport, and learning infrastructure is therefore essential not only for reducing dropout but also for creating more inclusive and motivating learning environments in rural India.</text>
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              <text>In this paper, we investigate the relationship between capital openness and income in- equality for selected 25 middle-income countries. Capital openness is defined as the extent to which a country allows the flow of financial capital across borders. We selected control variables regarding education levels and trade openness and employed the Newey-West estimation method. The results confirm the theory that capital openness has a posi- tive effect on inequality, the higher the financial globalization of a nation, the higher the inequality. This suggests that when devising policy centered on capital openness, it is important not to overlook its effect on inequality.</text>
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              <text>Populism, the rule of law, and democracy are concepts currently circulated public and academic debates throughout Europe, with the European Commission itself accruing more competences in this area. However, the diversity of definitions, legal and democratic cultures and judicial landscapes in the EU not only inhibit the study of the current rule of law breakdowns, but fail to address the crux of the issue at the European level. This study focuses on the implications of the election of populism into national legislatures for EU governance by raising the question “how do developments at concerning national populism in new member states affect the rule of EU law?”. Starting from a theoretical framework centred on rational and sociological understandings of political behaviour, and an overview of the rule of EU law and the EU's enforcement mechanisms, this study employs a linear regression model with panel-corrected standard errors and a Rare Events Logistic Regression to quantify the impact of national populism on one of the most important aspects of the EU legislative process: the transposition of EU directives into national statute books. The study finds that the presence of populists in national legislatures increases the number of infringement cases opened by the European Commission against the respective member state due to a failure to accurately transpose a Directive and uphold the rule of EU law, and it also increases the likelihood that the case will be referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union following continued noncompliance with the Commission’s recommendations and warnings. The evidence points to the issue of the stunted socialisation of the new Member States into EU values and the urgency with which EU institutions must revise – by Treaty reform or otherwise – the safeguards for the rule of EU law.</text>
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              <text>Populism, the rule of law, and democracy are concepts currently circulated public and academic debates throughout Europe, with the European Commission itself accruing more competences in this area. However, the diversity of definitions, legal and democratic cultures and judicial landscapes in the EU not only inhibit the study of the current rule of law breakdowns, but fail to address the crux of the issue at the European level. This study focuses on the implications of the election of populism into national legislatures for EU governance by raising the question “how do developments at concerning national populism in new member states affect the rule of EU law?”. Starting from a theoretical framework centred on rational and sociological understandings of political behaviour, and an overview of the rule of EU law and the EU's enforcement mechanisms, this study employs a linear regression model with panel-corrected standard errors and a Rare Events Logistic Regression to quantify the impact of national populism on one of the most important aspects of the EU legislative process: the transposition of EU directives into national statute books. The study finds that the presence of populists in national legislatures increases the number of infringement cases opened by the European Commission against the respective member state due to a failure to accurately transpose a Directive and uphold the rule of EU law, and it also increases the likelihood that the case will be referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union following continued noncompliance with the Commission’s recommendations and warnings. The evidence points to the issue of the stunted socialisation of the new Member States into EU values and the urgency with which EU institutions must revise – by Treaty reform or otherwise – the safeguards for the rule of EU law.</text>
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